Following the summit, the leaders of the four nations released a joint communique emphasizing the importance of respecting international law governing cross-border rivers, particularly the Nile River.

They further underscored the principle of avoiding unilateral actions that could cause harm to other riparian users of the river, calling for Nile-related matters to be resolved through notification, consultation, cooperation, and consensus.

This stance directly impacts Ethiopia, which has long been locked in disputes with Egypt and Sudan over the utilization of the Nile waters and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD).

In its official response, the Ethiopian government stated that it is safeguarding its vital national interests regarding the use of the Nile River, while also highlighting the strategic importance the country places on Red Sea dynamics.

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia stated that Ethiopia maintains close geographical and historical ties to the Red Sea, noting that Ethiopian territory lies approximately 30 miles from the Red Sea coastline.

Ethiopia also made it clear that it will not compromise on its sovereignty and territorial integrity, declaring its full readiness to defend its national interests.

The Government of Addis Ababa stated that it prefers to resolve Nile water and Red Sea matters through dialogue, cooperation, and mutual respect, but that it will not compromise on what it perceives as its sovereign rights and national interests.

This statement from Ethiopia comes as Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Somalia jointly project a unified stance requiring regional matters to be grounded in international law and the avoidance of unilateral actions.

The Red Sea issue has likewise emerged as a crucial point within the regional political deadlock, especially as Ethiopia has recently manifested aspirations to secure sea access granting it a maritime route to the Red Sea.

Lacking an independent coastline since Eritrea’s attainment of independence, Ethiopia has placed special importance on acquiring sea access, a matter that has remained central to political debates unfolding across the Horn of Africa.

Meanwhile, the dispute surrounding the Nile River remains a highly sensitive friction point among Ethiopia, Egypt, and Sudan.

Egypt and Sudan voice persistent concerns over the impact of Ethiopian projects on river flows, whereas Ethiopia maintains its inherent right to develop and utilize its natural resources.

Ethiopia’s response demonstrates that Addis Ababa has no intention of backing down from its posture on both the Nile and Red Sea files, despite reiterating its readiness for diplomatic dialogue and cooperation.

The El Alamein summit similarly underscored the growing alignment among Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Somalia as they seek to strengthen mutual consultations regarding regional security and Red Sea affairs.

Attention now turns to prospective official reactions from other regional capitals and whether these divergent positions will catalyze fresh diplomatic pathways to mitigate the protracted disputes over the Nile and the Red Sea.

These matters hold profound significance for the future of the Horn of Africa, as they can directly impact regional inter-state relations, Red Sea security, and overall regional stability.

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The decision, issued by Libya’s Prime Minister, suspends the entry of nationals from the four countries through all border crossings, with limited exceptions for individuals holding valid work permits in essential sectors such as healthcare and education.

Under the new directive, Libya’s Ministry of Interior has also been instructed to take immediate steps to identify and deport foreign nationals residing in the country without legal immigration status. Officials said the measures are intended to regulate the presence of foreign residents, address security concerns, and improve the management of migration flows.

Libyan authorities stated that the decision comes amid growing debate over irregular migration and the increasing number of migrants arriving from countries in the Horn of Africa. Libya remains one of the main transit routes used by migrants seeking to reach Europe through the Mediterranean Sea, making migration a major political and security issue for the country.

Government officials argued that stronger border controls are necessary to combat human trafficking networks, reduce illegal crossings, and ensure that foreign workers residing in Libya comply with national immigration laws. The authorities also emphasized the need to regulate the employment of foreign labor while safeguarding national security and public stability.

The move is expected to have a significant impact on migrants from the Horn of Africa, many of whom travel through Libya in search of employment opportunities or as part of journeys toward Europe. Human rights organizations have previously raised concerns about the vulnerability of migrants in Libya, where many face difficult living conditions, detention, and exploitation by trafficking networks.

The latest measures reflect Libya’s ongoing efforts to tighten immigration controls and manage migration pressures amid continuing economic and security challenges facing the North African nation.

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Foreign Minister Mohi al-Din Salem said Rubio’s comments, which directly held the RSF and its foreign mercenaries responsible for atrocities in Darfur, marked a turning point in how the international community understands the conflict.

Speaking to the state-run Sudan News Agency (SUNA), Salem said the U.S. position “helps correct international perceptions and draws a clear distinction between a national army defending the state and an outlawed tribal militia responsible for mass crimes.”

Rubio, during the recent G7 foreign ministers’ meeting in Canada, condemned the RSF’s “horrifying” and systematic attacks against civilians in El-Fasher and other parts of Darfur, urging an immediate end to the flow of weapons to the group.

His remarks have been widely covered across international media, highlighting the growing calls for stronger global action to stop the violence.

Minister Salem said the U.S. acknowledgment of the RSF’s brutality, and the possibility of designating it a terrorist organization, sends a powerful message to countries still enabling the group.

“This statement warns those who continue to arm the militia or allow the passage of weapons and fighters through their territories that they are complicit in crimes against humanity,” he said.

He added that Sudan’s government remains committed to restoring peace and ensuring accountability for the atrocities committed during the ongoing conflict.

“We urge the international community to support the Sudanese people in their pursuit of justice and sovereignty, and to isolate those fueling war for their own gain,” he said.

The RSF, led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, has been accused by human rights organizations of ethnic killings, mass displacement, and sexual violence since fighting erupted with Sudan’s army in April 2023.

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According to Massad Boulos, the U.S. Senior Advisor for Arab and African affairs, both warring sides have agreed in principle to a plan aimed at reducing violence and allowing humanitarian access to affected areas.

“Both parties have shown initial willingness, and we have not recorded any objections so far,” Boulos said, as reported by Sudan Tribune.

“We are now working on the fine details to turn this understanding into action.”

This development comes after weeks of heavy fighting, particularly in the city of El-Fasher, the capital of North Darfur.

The RSF recently captured large parts of the city after an 18-month siege, worsening an already dire humanitarian crisis.

Thousands of civilians have been displaced, and reports indicate that hospitals, markets, and aid centers have been destroyed in the fighting.

The U.S. has strongly condemned what it described as “horrific crimes” committed against civilians in El-Fasher.

In a statement shared on X (formerly Twitter), Boulos said Washington was working with regional and international partners to ensure civilians are protected and that aid deliveries can safely resume.

The new truce plan is part of a wider diplomatic push agreed upon by members of the International Quad, the U.S., Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), and the United Kingdom (UK), during meetings in Washington in September.

The Quad aims to help Sudan move toward a lasting ceasefire and a political process that could end the war.

Since April 2023, Sudan has been torn apart by clashes between the army, led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and the RSF, commanded by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, also known as Hemedti.

The conflict has killed tens of thousands, displaced millions, and pushed the country to a humanitarian crisis.

Despite the challenges, U.S. officials say they remain cautiously optimistic that a humanitarian pause could open the door for broader peace talks.

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The latest assault comes just two days after the first passenger flight in two years landed in the war-torn city.

According to witnesses who spoke to Al Jazeera, explosions and the sound of drones were heard over the capital in the early hours of Friday, sending shockwaves through the few residents who have remained in the city.

The attacks disrupted the hope that had followed the partial reopening of Khartoum International Airport earlier in the week.

The Sudanese Civil Aviation Authority announced the resumption of limited domestic flights on Wednesday after technical assessments confirmed the airport’s readiness for operations.

The move was seen as a symbolic step towards reconnecting Khartoum with other parts of the country.

Badr Airlines made history on Wednesday afternoon when one of its flights from Port Sudan successfully landed in the capital — the first commercial flight to do so since 2023.

The hope that the reopening signalled a return to normalcy quickly faded as RSF drones struck the area soon after.

The RSF and Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) have been locked in a brutal conflict since April 2023, fighting for control of the country’s key territories, including the capital.

The war has devastated Sudan’s infrastructure and plunged the nation into what the United Nations describes as one of the world’s worst humanitarian crises.

More than 12 million people have been displaced, while nearly four million children are suffering from severe malnutrition. Basic services have collapsed, and aid agencies continue to warn of famine and disease outbreaks in areas cut off by the fighting.

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The ICC announced its verdict on Monday.

Ali Abd-Al-Rahman, a principal leader of the Janjaweed militia, was first tried at the ICC in April 2022.

He was found guilty on 27 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Darfur between August 2003 and March 2004.

Amnesty International’s Regional Director for East and Southern Africa, Tigere Chagutah, welcomed the verdict, saying:

“This long-overdue verdict goes some way in providing justice for the victims of Ali Kushayb and should serve as a significant milestone in the pursuit of justice for crimes committed in Darfur more than two decades ago. The conviction should serve as a warning to those committing abuses in the context of the ongoing Sudan conflict that they will one day be held individually accountable.

“To ensure that the ICC can pursue comprehensive justice for all victims, the United Nations Security Council should extend the Court’s mandate from Darfur to the entirety of Sudan.

“This verdict should spur ICC member states to urgently enforce all outstanding arrest warrants in the Darfur situation, including against former Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, and to enhance their political and financial support for the Court to enable the investigation of ongoing violations taking place in Darfur and across Sudan.”

In 2005, the UN Security Council referred the situation in Darfur to the ICC. In 2009 and 2010, the ICC issued arrest warrants for President al-Bashir for war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide. The Court has also issued arrest warrants for three other government officials and three members of armed opposition groups.

Today’s verdict comes amid an ongoing conflict in Sudan between the Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), which has resulted in thousands of deaths and displaced over 10 million people.

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“We extend our deepest condolences to the families, colleagues, and communities of those who were killed while working to assist others in desperate need,” the coalition said in a joint statement.

The attack occurred on Monday night near the town of El Koma in North Darfur province, as the convoy was en route to the city of El Fasher.

The United Nations confirmed the deaths and the destruction of several aid trucks.

According to UN spokesperson Stéphane Dujarric, the convoy — a joint operation by the World Food Programme (WFP) and UNICEF — consisted of 15 trucks and had traveled more than 1,800 kilometers from Port Sudan, carrying vital nutrition and food supplies.

“This horrendous act of violence is devastating,” Dujarric told reporters at a press briefing in New York on Tuesday.

“Multiple trucks were burned, and critical humanitarian supplies were destroyed. This was the first UN humanitarian convoy that was going to make it to El Fasher in over a year.”

The UN said negotiations were underway with local authorities to ensure safe passage to El Fasher when the attack occurred.

The perpetrators of the assault remain unidentified, and Sudan’s rival factions are trading blame.

The ALPS coalition emphasized that attacks on civilians, aid workers, and humanitarian assets constitute serious violations of international humanitarian law.

“We urgently reiterate the need for full respect of international humanitarian law, including the protection of civilians and humanitarian personnel,” the statement read. “We call on all parties to allow and facilitate unhindered humanitarian access to people in need.”

Sudan has been engulfed in a brutal civil war since April 2023, when conflict broke out between the Sudanese Armed Forces and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF).

The war has displaced millions and has been marked by widespread atrocities, including ethnic violence and mass sexual violence, particularly in Darfur.

The humanitarian crisis continues to worsen, with large parts of the population now dependent on aid for survival.

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The ban, which takes effect at 12:01 a.m. on Monday, also imposes heightened restrictions on visitors from seven additional nations.

According to the Associated Press, the measure is structured to avoid the airport chaos that erupted in 2017 when a similar ban was introduced with almost no warning.

This time, Trump appears to be on stronger legal footing, following a 2018 Supreme Court decision that upheld his authority to implement such restrictions.

Full ban

The new list of banned countries includes Afghanistan, Myanmar, Chad, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Haiti, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, and Yemen. Visitors from Burundi, Cuba, Laos, Sierra Leone, Togo, Turkmenistan, and Venezuela will face enhanced screening and visa restrictions.

Trump defended the move by citing concerns over “deficient” vetting systems, a lack of cooperation from some governments in accepting deported citizens, and high visa overstay rates.

His administration relied heavily on a Department of Homeland Security report tracking visa overstays by tourists, students, and business travelers arriving by air or sea.

“We don’t want them,” Trump said bluntly.

Somalia Specifically Targeted

In his official proclamation, Trump claimed that Somalia lacks a competent or cooperative central authority for issuing passports or civil documentation.

Trump asserted that Somalia’s government does not effectively control its territory, which, according to him, limits its ability to ensure national security.

“Somalia stands apart from other countries in the degree to which its government lacks command and control of its territory,” the proclamation reads.

The administration further argued that Somalia continues to harbor a persistent terrorist threat, stating that terrorist groups use Somali territory as a base for planning and launching attacks.

“The United States Government has identified Somalia as a terrorist safe haven,” the statement continues. “Somalia also remains a destination for individuals attempting to join terrorist groups that threaten the national security of the United States.”

Trump’s order adds that the Somali government has historically refused to accept back its nationals who are ordered removed from the U.S.

As a result, the proclamation concludes:

“The entry into the United States of nationals of Somalia as immigrants and nonimmigrants is hereby fully suspended.”

In response, Somalia’s Ambassador to the United States, Dahir Hassan, told Reuters:

“Somalia values its enduring relationship with the U.S. and is ready to engage in meaningful dialogue to address concerns.”

The ambassador emphasized Somalia’s commitment to improving bilateral ties and addressing shared security challenges, signaling a diplomatic approach despite the newly imposed restrictions.

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Rubio was expected to arrive in Nairobi on April 28 as part of his first diplomatic tour of Africa since his appointment by President Donald Trump in January, State Department announced.

The visit was also set to include a stop in Ethiopia.

However, officials in Washington confirmed the trip has been called off at the eleventh hour, with no official reason given.

The cancellation comes just days after Kenyan President William Ruto returned from a high-profile five-day state visit to China, where he held talks with President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang, and National People’s Congress Chairman Zhao Leji.

Ruto’s trip, aimed at strengthening trade, investment, and infrastructure ties with Beijing, has sparked unease in Washington.

State House spokesperson Hussein Mohamed described the visit as a continuation of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership established in 2017, highlighting Kenya’s role as China’s leading partner in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Africa.

During the visit, Ruto openly criticized Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and, notably, condemned a recent U.S. vote at the UN Security Council that aligned with Russia—further straining relations with Washington.

Links to Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF) 

Concerns in Washington have also been fueled by Kenya’s recent decision to host Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Nairobi, as well as alleged support for rebel factions in eastern DRC.

Diplomats have privately expressed frustration with the Ruto administration’s regional posture.

Adding to the tension is the broader context of the Trump administration’s reported plan to close up to 10 U.S. embassies and 17 consulates worldwide, including several in Africa such as the Central African Republic, Congo, Eritrea, Gambia, Lesotho, and South Sudan.

Consulates in Douala (Cameroon) and Durban (South Africa) are also reportedly under review.

Troy Fitrell, the State Department’s top official for Africa, told reporters last week that U.S. diplomats on the continent have been instructed to prioritize support for American businesses and investment deals.

Sources also indicate that several U.S. companies, which had previously committed to multi-billion-dollar investments in Nairobi, have now pulled out, citing Kenya’s deteriorating corruption levels as a major deterrent.

The fallout has reportedly cost Kenya opportunities worth thousands of billions of shillings that were expected after Ruto’s White House visit last year.

Matters have further deteriorated with the closure of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), a major funding channel for Kenya, signaling a dramatic shift in U.S.-Kenya relations.

The Kenyan government has yet to issue an official statement on the cancellation.

However, criticism has been mounting on social media, with some Kenyans questioning the timing of Ruto’s China trip.

“President Ruto chose the worst time to visit China—during heightened U.S.-China tensions over tariffs. Today, he’s seen as a betrayer by his former ally, America,” wrote Steve Mbogo, a prominent commentator on X (formerly Twitter).

Machakos Deputy Governor Francis Mwangangi told People’s Daily that Secretary Rubio’s cancellation likely stemmed from growing concerns over corruption and Kenya’s engagement with rebel groups in the region.

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