In video remarks released by the military late Sunday, Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan described the ceasefire proposal as unacceptable and “the worst yet,” accusing the mediators of being “biased” in their efforts to end the war.

The conflict in Sudan began in April 2023, when the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and the Sudanese Armed Forces clashed in the capital, Khartoum. The war stems from a power struggle between the two groups.

According to U.N. figures, more than 40,000 people have died, though aid organizations suggest the actual toll may be significantly higher.

The fighting has triggered the world’s largest humanitarian crisis, displacing over 14 million people, fueling disease outbreaks, and pushing parts of the country into famine.

Mediators, known as the Quad—comprising the U.S., Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates—have spent more than two years trying to end the fighting and restore Sudan’s path toward a democratic transition, which was derailed by a military coup in 2021.

Earlier this month, U.S. President Donald Trump said he would focus more on helping to resolve Sudan’s war after being urged to act by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman during a White House visit.

On Monday, U.N. Secretary-General António Guterres called for an immediate ceasefire and urged both the military and RSF to negotiate a settlement. Writing on the social platform X, he also called for “safe and unimpeded delivery of humanitarian aid” and an end to arms transfers to Sudan. “We need peace in Sudan,” Guterres said.

Massad Boulos, a U.S. adviser on African affairs, told The Associated Press that the latest proposal envisions a three-month humanitarian truce, followed by a nine-month political process.

The RSF has agreed to the truce following global outrage over paramilitary atrocities in the Darfur city of El-Fasher. In a video speech late Monday, RSF commander Gen. Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo reaffirmed the group’s commitment to a three-month humanitarian truce and urged mediators to pressure the military to accept the proposal.

However, Gen. Burhan rejected the plan, saying it “is the worst document yet” because it “eliminates the Armed Forces, dissolves security agencies, and allows the militia to remain in place” — a reference to the RSF.

“If the mediation continues in this direction, we will consider it biased,” Burhan said. He also criticized Massad Boulos, accusing the U.S. adviser of attempting to “impose conditions on us” and warned that Boulos could become “an obstacle to the peace that all the people of Sudan seek.”

Burhan also targeted the UAE, another member of the Quad, asserting that the mediation group “cannot be considered innocent of responsibility, especially since the world has witnessed the UAE’s support for the rebels against the Sudanese state.”

In response, the UAE Foreign Ministry said Burhan’s rejection of the ceasefire proposal reflects “obstructive behavior,” which “must be called out.” The UAE has faced widespread accusations from rights groups of arming the RSF. U.S. intelligence assessments reportedly indicate that the Emirates has been supplying weapons to the paramilitaries for many months, though the UAE denies these claims.

Burhan dismissed allegations that the military is controlled by Islamists or that it has used chemical weapons against the RSF — accusations made by the Trump administration in May.

He said the military would only agree to a truce if the RSF fully withdraws from civilian areas, allowing displaced people to return home before political negotiations begin.

“We’re not warmongers, and we don’t reject peace,” Burhan said. “But no one can threaten us or dictate terms to us.”

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Rubio was expected to arrive in Nairobi on April 28 as part of his first diplomatic tour of Africa since his appointment by President Donald Trump in January, State Department announced.

The visit was also set to include a stop in Ethiopia.

However, officials in Washington confirmed the trip has been called off at the eleventh hour, with no official reason given.

The cancellation comes just days after Kenyan President William Ruto returned from a high-profile five-day state visit to China, where he held talks with President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang, and National People’s Congress Chairman Zhao Leji.

Ruto’s trip, aimed at strengthening trade, investment, and infrastructure ties with Beijing, has sparked unease in Washington.

State House spokesperson Hussein Mohamed described the visit as a continuation of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership established in 2017, highlighting Kenya’s role as China’s leading partner in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Africa.

During the visit, Ruto openly criticized Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and, notably, condemned a recent U.S. vote at the UN Security Council that aligned with Russia—further straining relations with Washington.

Links to Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF) 

Concerns in Washington have also been fueled by Kenya’s recent decision to host Sudan’s Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Nairobi, as well as alleged support for rebel factions in eastern DRC.

Diplomats have privately expressed frustration with the Ruto administration’s regional posture.

Adding to the tension is the broader context of the Trump administration’s reported plan to close up to 10 U.S. embassies and 17 consulates worldwide, including several in Africa such as the Central African Republic, Congo, Eritrea, Gambia, Lesotho, and South Sudan.

Consulates in Douala (Cameroon) and Durban (South Africa) are also reportedly under review.

Troy Fitrell, the State Department’s top official for Africa, told reporters last week that U.S. diplomats on the continent have been instructed to prioritize support for American businesses and investment deals.

Sources also indicate that several U.S. companies, which had previously committed to multi-billion-dollar investments in Nairobi, have now pulled out, citing Kenya’s deteriorating corruption levels as a major deterrent.

The fallout has reportedly cost Kenya opportunities worth thousands of billions of shillings that were expected after Ruto’s White House visit last year.

Matters have further deteriorated with the closure of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), a major funding channel for Kenya, signaling a dramatic shift in U.S.-Kenya relations.

The Kenyan government has yet to issue an official statement on the cancellation.

However, criticism has been mounting on social media, with some Kenyans questioning the timing of Ruto’s China trip.

“President Ruto chose the worst time to visit China—during heightened U.S.-China tensions over tariffs. Today, he’s seen as a betrayer by his former ally, America,” wrote Steve Mbogo, a prominent commentator on X (formerly Twitter).

Machakos Deputy Governor Francis Mwangangi told People’s Daily that Secretary Rubio’s cancellation likely stemmed from growing concerns over corruption and Kenya’s engagement with rebel groups in the region.

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Amnesty International’s latest report outlines how these atrocities amount to war crimes and potentially crimes against humanity.

The report, titled They Raped All of Us: Sexual Violence Against Women and Girls in Sudan, details horrific incidents of sexual violence, including the rape or gang-rape of 36 women and girls as young as 15, across four Sudanese states between April 2023 and October 2024.

The victims suffered brutal assaults such as a mother being raped after her breastfeeding child was forcibly removed, and a woman held in sexual slavery for 30 days in Khartoum.

In addition to sexual violence, survivors were subjected to severe beatings, torture with hot liquids and sharp objects, and even murder.

Deprose Muchena, Amnesty International’s Senior Director for Regional Human Rights Impact, condemned the RSF’s actions, saying, “The RSF’s assaults on Sudanese women and girls are sickening, depraved, and aimed at inflicting maximum humiliation. The RSF has targeted civilians, particularly women and girls, with unimaginable cruelty during this war. The world must act to stop the RSF’s atrocities by stemming the flow of weapons into Sudan, pressuring the leadership to end sexual violence, and holding perpetrators, including top commanders, accountable.”

30 survivors and their relatives

The civil war in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023 between the RSF and Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), has led to the deaths of tens of thousands and displaced more than 11 million people.

Both sides have committed numerous violations of international humanitarian law, including widespread sexual violence.

Amnesty’s report is based on interviews with 30 survivors and their relatives, mostly from Ugandan refugee camps.

All victims identified RSF fighters as the perpetrators of these attacks.

Many of these assaults took place in front of other soldiers, civilians, or victims, suggesting that the perpetrators did not fear reprisals or punishment.

In one of the most harrowing testimonies, a woman from Nyala, South Darfur, recounted being tied to a tree and raped in front of others by RSF soldiers.

“It was the most horrific day in my life,” she said.

In another case from Madani, Gezira, a woman was gang-raped by three RSF soldiers while her 12-year-old daughter and sister-in-law looked on.

“It was so humiliating,” she said. “I feel broken.”

Many survivors shared that they were targeted by RSF soldiers on suspicion of supporting the SAF.

Female medical workers reported being raped if they failed to save injured soldiers, with one nurse recalling how 13 soldiers abducted her in Khartoum North, forced her to treat critically wounded men, and then gang-raped her.

Amnesty documented cases of sexual slavery, including a woman held captive in a Khartoum house for a month, enduring daily sexual assaults.

Survivors of sexual violence described how resisting rape resulted in beatings, torture, or death, including the killing of an 11-year-old boy who tried to protect his mother.

The report highlights the inadequate global response to the crisis.

Survivors, now refugees, face severe physical and psychological trauma but have been unable to access timely medical care due to ongoing conflict and stigma.

Furthermore, cuts to critical USAID-funded programs have reduced access to sexual health care for those affected.

“The international response to the suffering of Sudanese women and girls has been reprehensible,” Muchena added. “The world has failed to protect civilians, provide sufficient humanitarian aid, or hold perpetrators accountable. It’s time for the international community to acknowledge the truth of what has happened in Sudan, ensure justice for the victims, and offer reparations and comprehensive health care to survivors.”

The report calls for an urgent response from the global community to end the RSF’s impunity, stop the flow of weapons to Sudan, and provide justice for the survivors of these heinous crimes.

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The signing ceremony took place behind closed doors in Nairobi, Kenya, following a high-profile meeting last week in a government-owned building.

That gathering drew condemnation from Sudan’s Foreign Ministry in Khartoum.

Among the signatories is Abdelaziz al-Hilu, a powerful rebel leader who controls significant territory and forces in South Kordofan.

Al-Hilu has long demanded Sudan adopt secularism.

While the newly declared government has raised concerns at the United Nations, it is unlikely to gain broad international recognition.

However, its formation underscores Sudan’s deepening divisions, with rival factions vying for control.

Civil War and Territorial Gains

The RSF has seized most of western Darfur and parts of the Kordofan region but is facing resistance from the Sudanese army, which is pushing back in central Sudan.

The army has condemned the formation of a parallel government, labeling it an illegitimate move.

Idris, a former official and leader of an armed group, stated that the new government’s official announcement will be made from within Sudan in the coming days.

According to the charter, signatories agreed that Sudan should be a “secular, democratic, non-centralized state” with a single national army.

However, it also allows armed groups to maintain their forces, signaling potential challenges to unifying military command.

The document asserts that the new government does not seek to divide Sudan but rather to unify the country and end the war—tasks it claims the army-aligned government in Port Sudan has failed to achieve.

International Reactions and Allegations

RSF leader General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, widely accused of human rights abuses, including genocide, was sanctioned by the U.S. earlier this year.

Dagalo had previously shared power with the army and civilian politicians following the ouster of Omar al-Bashir in 2019.

However, the RSF and the army jointly removed civilian leaders in a 2021 coup before turning on each other in a war over troop integration during Sudan’s democratic transition.

The conflict has plunged Sudan into an “unprecedented” humanitarian crisis, with famine looming in multiple regions and nearly half the population facing severe hunger.

Both the RSF charter signing and last week’s event were hosted in Kenya, sparking diplomatic tensions.

Sudan’s government has accused the United Arab Emirates of backing the RSF militarily and financially, an allegation supported by UN experts and U.S. lawmakers but denied by the UAE.

Meanwhile, Sudan’s military-aligned government in Port Sudan passed constitutional amendments this week, expanding the army’s powers.

General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan has signaled that a “war cabinet” will be announced soon.

As Sudan’s warring factions dig in, prospects for a unified and peaceful resolution remain uncertain.

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Gen Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo, known as “Hemedti”, looked thin in the footage and commentators say he was holding one of his arms oddly. There has been speculation that the commander, who is in his late 40s, has been injured in the war.

His speech included his usual rhetoric against Gen Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, the head of the military with whom he is involved in a bitter power struggle for control of the country.

He said if the leadership of the army changed, he would agree to a peace deal within 72 hours.

Hemedti first rose to power through the ranks of the Janjaweed militia, accused of ethnic cleansing during the Darfur conflict. The RSF was created by former President Omar al-Bashir, who was ousted after street protests in 2019.

The RSF leader backed his removal as a way to manoeuvre himself into a more powerful position. But his alliance with Gen Burhan fell apart disastrously three months ago.

Since the war began the RSF has moved into bases in many residential areas of the three cities that make up Greater Khartoum – Bahri, Khartoum and Omdurman – that are often hit by air strikes.

In his speech, Hemedti was particularly vitriolic about Yasir al-Atta, a top-ranking army officer who is leading operations in Omdurman.

He apologised to Sudanese people for the “disaster of the war”, which he maintained had been imposed on the RSF.

Surrounded by armed fighters in the five-minute clip, he also denied that those accused of mass looting in Khartoum and elsewhere were RSF members.

(Source: BBC) 

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As the three-day truce expired early in the morning, the sounds of gunfire and artillery reverberated through Khartoum and its neighboring city, Omdurman, reigniting fear among the civilian population.

According to reports from Khartoum resident Ammar Hassan, gunshots were heard around the department of military engineering, an army-controlled building that the RSF had attempted to seize on several occasions without success.

Hassan added that intense clashes erupted in the southern part of Omdurman, specifically around the engineering department. The attacks were reported in Fetihab, Um Baddah El Mansura, Al Doha, Abbasia, and other areas.

The Sudanese army and the RSF have been engaged in fighting for over two months, resulting in widespread destruction in the capital and escalating violence in Khartoum, as well as the western region of Darfur.

The United Nations estimates that more than 2.5 million people have been displaced from their homes due to the conflict.

During the brief respite provided by the three-day ceasefire, residents of Khartoum and Omdurman were able to leave their homes and secure essential supplies.

However, Manal Osman, a resident of the Saleha neighborhood south of Omdurman, reported that with the intensification of fighting, basic commodities were once again becoming scarce, and families were unable to access essential services.

Osman described the situation as “horrible,” noting that some residents were attempting to flee the area.

Large numbers of people continue to leave the city, while others opt to stay behind, where life appears to carry on normally.

Witnesses in the southern part of Khartoum reported that army aircraft conducted airstrikes on RSF troops stationed at the Olympic Stadium.

Mohammed Abdallah, a resident of the Mayo neighborhood, confirmed that at least one bomb struck a house in the al-Andalus area, though no casualties were reported as it landed on an unoccupied dwelling.

Hassan highlighted the increasing challenges in accessing healthcare as the two warring factions persist in their battles. He estimated that over 60% of the region’s health centers, located in and around the conflict zone, are currently out of service.

Meanwhile, unverified reports surfaced of clashes in the Delenj region of South Kordofan state between the army and a rebel group known as the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement North (SPLM-North), led by General Abdulaziz Al Hilu.

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The civilians who remain are enduring a cautious coexistence as negotiations for an end to the war, which began almost two weeks ago, fail to make progress.

Residents say the fighters, the Rapid Support Forces, seemed to control much of Khartoum’s city center and surrounding districts, as well as parts of its twin city, Omdurman.

They describe negotiating with fighters at roadblocks and grudgingly sharing food and water. Some fighters have moved into abandoned homes.

Sudan’s military are positioned farther out. They control entries and exits to and from Khartoum and use warplanes to carry out strikes on R.S.F. targets.

RSF accepts three-day extension of truce

The White House urged U.S. citizens to leave Sudan within the next 48 hours “because the situation could deteriorate at any moment.”

“The situation in Sudan could worsen at any moment and Americans should leave within the next 24 to 48 hours,” White House spokesperson Karine Jean-Pierre has said.

More than 3,500 people arrived in Ethiopia

More than 3,500 people, including hundreds of Turkish nationals, have arrived in Ethiopia after fleeing heavy fighting in Sudan, an official from the UN’s International Organization for Migration has said.

The United Nations has warned that the violence could force as many as 270,000 people to seek refuge in neighbouring South Sudan and Chad, while others have fled to Egypt and Ethiopia.

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Fighter jets fired rockets into Khartoum, the Sudanese capital, on Saturday, and at the city’s airport, civilian planes were bombed and terrified passengers cowered on the terminal floors.

The fighting has also spread deep into the region of Darfur.

More than 83 people have been killed and over 1,126 others injured, and it remained unclear who was in control.

Only four years ago, the widely detested president who had ruled for three decades, Omar Hassan al-Bashir, was toppled by a popular uprising. But hopes for democracy faltered 18 months ago when the two most powerful generals — the army chief, Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, and Lt. Gen. Mohamed Hamdan — together seized power in a coup. They are now fighting each other.

Sudan’s neighbors sought to jump-start diplomatic efforts, with the African Union and a separate regional bloc convening emergency meetings yesterday, and Egypt and South Sudan offering to mediate between the rival factions.

But neither side has indicated a willingness to meet for talks.

Darfur is the region, where al-Bashir’s government oversaw a campaign of genocidal violence beginning in 2003, is home to several heavily armed rebel groups that analysts fear could get sucked into the fight.

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The clashes capped months of heightened tensions between the armed forces and the Rapid Support Forces group. Those tensions had delayed a deal with political parties to get the country back to its short-lived transition to democracy, which had been derailed by an October 2021 military coup.

The sound of heavy firing could be heard throughout the day Saturday across the capital, Khartoum, and its sister city of Omdurman, where the military and the RSF have amassed tens of thousands of troops since the coup.

Witnesses said fighters from both sides fired from armored vehicles and from machine guns mounted on pick-up trucks in fighting in densely populated areas. Some tanks were seen in Khartoum. The military said it launched strikes from planes and drones at RSF positions in and around the capital.

Residents described chaotic scenes. “Fire and explosions are everywhere,” said Amal Mohamed, a doctor in a public hospital in Omdurman. “All are running and seeking shelter.”

“We haven’t seen such battles in Khartoum before,” said Khartoum resident Abdel-Hamid Mustafa.

One of the flashpoints was Khartoum International Airport. There was no formal announcement that the airport was closed, but major airlines suspended their flights. This included Sudan-bound flights from Egypt and Saudi Arabia which turned back after nearly landing at the airport, flight tracking data showed.

Saudi Arabia’s national airline said one of its Airbus A330 aircraft was involved in what is called “an accident.” Video showed the plane on fire on the tarmac. Another plane also appeared to have caught fire during the fighting. Flight-tracking website FlightRadar24 identified it as a SkyUp Airlines Boeing 737. SkyUp is a Kyiv, Ukraine-based airline. It did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

The Sudan Doctors’ Syndicate said two civilians were killed at the airport, without specifying the circumstances. The syndicate said another man was shot to death in the state of North Kordofan.

The BBC reported that a correspondent for BBC News Arabic in Khartoum, Mohamed Osman, was beaten by a Sudanese soldier. The broadcaster said the army had stopped Osman’s car while he was en route to his work and that he was taken to army headquarters in Omdurman. While explaining his movements to officers, he was hit in the head from behind by a soldier, the BBC said.

The fighting comes after months of escalating tensions between the generals and years of political unrest after an October 2021 military coup.

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken and other top diplomats expressed extreme concern over the outbreak of violence. “We urge all actors to stop the violence immediately and avoid further escalations or troop mobilizations and continue talks to resolve outstanding issues,” Blinken wrote on Twitter.

U.N. Secretary-General Antonio Guterres; the European Union’s top diplomat, Josep Borrell; the head of the African Union Commission, Moussa Faki Mahamat; the Arab League chief, Ahmed Aboul Gheit; and Qatar all called for a cease-fire and for both parties to return to negotiations to settle their dispute. Egypt, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates called on those fighting in Sudan to exercise restraint and work toward a political solution in the county.

Former Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok, who was ousted in the 2021 coup, warned of a possible regional conflict if the fighting escalates. “Shooting must stop immediately,” he said in a video appeal to both sides posted on his Twitter account

The military and the RSF traded blame for triggering the clashes, which centered in Khartoum but also took place in other areas across the country including the Northern province, the conflict-ravaged Darfur region, and the strategic coastal city of Port Sudan on the Red Sea, a military official said.

The tensions stem from a disagreement over how the RSF, headed by Gen. Mohammed Hamdan Dagalo, should be integrated into the armed forces and what authority should oversee the process. The merger is a key condition of Sudan’s unsigned transition agreement with political groups.

Saturday’s fighting began at a military base south of Khartoum. Clashes then spread across the capital, including around the military’s headquarters, the airport and the Republican Palace, the seat of the country’s presidency.

The RSF alleged that its forces controlled strategic locations in Khartoum and the northern city of Merowe some 350 kilometers (215 miles) northwest of the capital. The military dismissed the claims as “lies.” The military, in turned, declared the RSF as a rebel force.

Volker Perthes, the U.N. envoy for Sudan, and the Saudi ambassador in Sudan, Ali Bin Hassan Jaffar, were in contact with RSF chief Dagalo and Gen. Abdel-Fattah Burhan, the top military official, to try to end the violence, said a U.N. official who asked for anonymity to discuss internal deliberations.

The U.S. Ambassador to Sudan, John Godfrey, wrote online that he was sheltering in place with the embassy team, “as Sudanese throughout Khartoum and elsewhere are doing.”

“I urgently call on senior military leaders to stop the fighting,” he wrote, adding that the escalation is extremely dangerous.

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